The process of DNA Replication during S-phase of Interphase so each new daughter cell will receive a complete set of DNA after Cell division. (Mitosis & Cytokinesis)
Part 2- The original Double Helix in black is unzipped, and new halves are added in red.... this reduces mistakes when both daughter cells receive half of the original DNA template.
Part 3... The BASIC STEPS of SEMI-CONSERVATIVE DNA REPLICATION:
DNA enzyme Helicase Unzips the double helix.
DNA Polymerase (enzyme) adds on complementary base pairs and proof reads the DNA
Each new helix will contain 1 side from the original DNA molecule and one new side, thus this process is called Semi-conservative Replication!
NOW .... on to a completely different process. The process of making proteins from your genes!
This occurs all the time during the cell's life. Not just S-phase of Interphase such as in DNA Replication.
DNA replication (schematic)
The structure of DNA, discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick, suggests a mechanism of replication. The double helix unwinds, and each strand acts as a template for the construction of the new DNA molecule.
50 seconds
replication of dna
DNA replication (basic detail)
Using information from molecular research, this 3-D animation shows how DNA is replicated at the molecular level. It involves an enzyme that unwinds the DNA, and other enzymes that copy the two resulting strands.
1 minute 6 seconds
replication of dna
DNA replication (advanced detail)
Both strands of the DNA double helix act as templates for the new DNA strands. Incoming DNA is unraveled by the enzyme helicase, resulting in the 3′ strand and the 5′ strand. The 3′ strands and the 5′ strands are replicated by a DNA polymerase enzyme but in different ways.
2 minutes 32 seconds
transcription of dna
DNA transcription (basic detail)
The first phase of the process of reading DNA information to make proteins starts with a molecule unzipping the DNA. The molecule then copies one of the strands of DNA into a strand of RNA, a close cousin of DNA. This process is called transcription.
1 minute 54 seconds
transcription of dna
DNA transcription (advanced detail)
The process of copying DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) is called transcription. Transcription factors assemble at the promoter region of a gene, bringing an RNA polymerase enzyme to form the transcription initiation complex. Activator proteins at the enhancer region of DNA then activate the transcription initiation complex. RNA polymerase unzips a small portion of the DNA and copies one strand into an mRNA molecule.
1 minute 55 seconds
translation of dna
Translation (basic detail)
The ribosome is a molecular factory that translates the genetic information in RNA into a string of amino acids that becomes a protein. Inside the ribosome, the genetic code of the RNA is read three letters at a time and compared with the corresponding code on a transfer molecule. When a match occurs between the codes, the amino acid carried by the transfer molecule is added to the growing protein chain.
2 minutes 5 seconds
translation of dna
Translation (advanced detail)
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries DNA’s genetic information to the ribosome, where it is translated into a sequence of amino acids. mRNA is fed into the ribosome, and it is positioned so that it can be read in groups of three letters, known as codons. Each mRNA codon is matched against the transfer RNA molecule’s anti-codon. If there is a match, the amino acid carried by the transfer RNA is added to the growing protein chain.
3 minutes 4 seconds
packaging dna
DNA packaging
DNA is tightly packed in the nucleus of every cell. DNA wraps around special proteins called histones, which form loops of DNA called nucleosomes. These nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibers called chromatin. Chromatin in turn forms larger loops and coils to form chromosomes.
1 minute 43 seconds
buildingblocks
Building blocks of DNA
Adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) are the components of nucleic acid that make up DNA.
26 seconds
chargaff
Chargaff's Ratio
In 1950, Erwin Chargaff published a paper stating that in the DNA of any given species, the ratio of adenine to thymine is equal, as is the ratio of cytosine to guanine. This became known as Chargaff’s ratio, and it was an important clue for solving the structure of DNA.
48 seconds
cml-gleevec
CML and Gleevec
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is caused by a mutation that leads to an abnormal protein that is always active. The drug Gleevec has a shape that fits into the active site of the abnormal protein and stops its harmful effects.
41 seconds
coding-seq
Coding sequences in DNA
Of the 3 billion letters in the human genome, only 1% directly code for proteins. Of the rest, about 25% make up genes and their regulatory elements. The functions of the remaining letters are still unclear.
1 minute 4 seconds
damage to dna
Damage to DNA leads to mutation
Reactive molecules, such as free radicals, and solar ultraviolet radiation can lead to mutations in DNA. Most mutations are corrected, but in rare cases mutations can accumulate and cause diseases such as cancer.
1 minute 6 seconds
genetic engineering
Genetic engineering
A new gene can be inserted into a loop of bacterial DNA called a plasmid. This is done by cutting the plasmid DNA with a restriction enzyme, which allows a new piece of DNA to be inserted. The ends of the new piece of DNA are stitched together by an enzyme called DNA ligase. The genetically engineered bacteria will now manufacture any protein coded by genes on the newly inserted DNA
1 minute 12 seconds
human chromosomes
Human chromosomes
The human genome is organized into structures called chromosomes, consisting of 22 matching pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes.
47 seconds
human genome sequence
Human genome sequencing
The public Human Genome Project started by identifying unique marker sequences distributed throughout the genome. Then, many copies of a small section of DNA were randomly cleaved into smaller fragments, and each small fragment was sequenced. Because there were originally many copies of the DNA in question, many fragments represented the same part of the genome. These were aligned by identifying overlapping regions of the sequence, and then they were assembled into the original DNA.
1 minute 48 seconds
mrna splicing
mRNA splicing
Once a gene has been transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), it is edited in a process called splicing. Noncoding regions called introns are removed, leaving protein-coding regions called exons
39 seconds
paired dna strands
Paired DNA strands
DNA has a double helix structure. If untwisted, DNA looks like two parallel strands. Each strand has a linear sequence of A, C, G, and T. The precise order of the letters carries the coded instructions. One strand is a complementary image of the other: A always pairs with T, and C always pairs with G.
1 minute 18 seconds
pauling triple helix
Pauling triple helix model
One of the failed hypothetical models of DNA is Linus Pauling’s triple helix model. This structure would be unstable under normal cellular conditions.
29 seconds
x
Polymerase chain reaction
Polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, is a technique for making many copies of a specific DNA sequence. DNA is repeatedly heated and cooled in the presence of primers that bracket the desired sequence and of the enzyme Tac polymerase. In as few as 30 cycles, a billion copies of the target sequence can be made.
1 minute 27 seconds
sanger sequencing
Sanger method of DNA sequencing
Fred Sanger developed the first technique for sequencing DNA. DNA is replicated in the presence of chemically altered versions of the A, C, G, and T bases. These bases stop the replication process when they are incorporated into the growing strand of DNA, resulting in varying lengths of short DNA. These short DNA strands are ordered by size, and by reading the end letters from the shortest to the longest piece, the whole sequence of the original DNA is revealed.
51 seconds
shotgun sequencing
Shotgun sequencing
In shotgun sequencing many copies of the entire genome are “blown up” into millions of small fragments. Each small fragment is sequenced. Powerful computers then assemble the individual fragments into the original configuration. Repeat sequences pose a problem for this approach because their sizes can be much larger than the small fragments.
59 seconds
sickle cell
Sickle cell anemia
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease that affects hemoglobin. A single nucleotide change in the hemoglobin gene causes an amino acid substitution in the hemoglobin protein from glutamic acid to valine. The resulting proteins stick together to form long fibers and distort the shape of the red blood cells.
59 seconds
triplet code
Triplet code
Once the structure of DNA was discovered, the next challenge was determining how the sequence of letters coded for the 20 amino acids. In theory, one or two letters can only code for 4 or 16 amino acids, respectively. A scheme using three letters, a triplet code, is the minimum necessary to encode for all the amino acids.
1 minute 8 seconds
watson and bp models
Watson constructing base pair models
During the process of trying to elucidate the structure of DNA, Jim Watson made some cardboard models to try to understand how DNA nucleotides are paired. It helped him visualize how hydrogen atoms of paired nucleotides interact with each other to form a symmetrical structure that fits the double helix model
1 minute 42 seconds
This goes along with your textbook:
Chapters 9-11 Note-Taking sheet (Not just Ch 9-all in one document)
Fill in the Chapter 9-11 note-taking handout while viewing the following 3 PowerPoint Lectures
Video Clips will not play on the following versions, but you can view them by signing onto your Holt textbook online and view the video clips. There are direct instructions, password and ID on Mrs. Lambert's S9GS site.
TEXTBOOK Resources: Students are to read CHAPTERS 9 & 10 & 11.
COS #7- ALABAMA COURSE OF STUDY OBJECTIVES
8. Identify the structure and function of DNA, RNA, and protein
Recognize that amino acids make up proteins
Explain relationship among DNA, genes, and chromosomes
- List significant contributions of biotechnology to society, including agricultural and medical practices
Examples: DNA fingerprinting, insulin, growth hormone- Relate normal patterns of genetic inheritance to genetic variation
Example: crossing-over- Relate ways chance, mutagens, and genetic engineering increase diversity
Examples: insertion, deletion, translocation, inversion, recombinant DNA- Relate genetic disorders and disease to patterns of genetic inheritance
Examples: hemophilia, sickle cell anemia, Down’s syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease, cystic fibrosis,color blindness, phenylketonuria (PKU)
-
CLASS NOTES-ON DNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: -KEY:Assignments/handouts:
1. Transcribe the Code :
2. Protein Synthesis Practice 1:
3. Protein Synthesis Practice 3:
Board Notes from class....
Science Journal Entry: The Structure of DNA Notes
The process of DNA Replication during S-phase of Interphase so each new daughter cell will receive a complete set of DNA after Cell division. (Mitosis & Cytokinesis)Part 2- The original Double Helix in black is unzipped, and new halves are added in red.... this reduces mistakes when both daughter cells receive half of the original DNA template.
Part 3... The BASIC STEPS of SEMI-CONSERVATIVE DNA REPLICATION:
NOW .... on to a completely different process. The process of making proteins from your genes!
This occurs all the time during the cell's life. Not just S-phase of Interphase such as in DNA Replication.
DNA Replication in 10 seconds
DNA to mRNA=Transcription in 10 seconds
Translation-mRNA to Protein in 30 seconds
DNA vs RNA you say???..... demystify this riddle with a simple SJE Journal! Copy the following chart.
Overview of Protein Synthesis...
Transcription made easy...
Translation made easy...
Great Picture: Protein Synthesis overview:
TRY YOUR SKILLS WITH THIS !!!..... Drag&Drop Protein Synthesis Interactive!!
HHMI Animation-Translation 2 min
Read more: The Scientist : Web Extras http://www.the-scientist.com/webextra/#ixzz1Lz0Bi36t
Read more: The Scientist : Web Extras http://www.the-scientist.com/webextra/#ixzz1Lz0q01d3
DNA: Animations From HHMI!
The structure of DNA, discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick, suggests a mechanism of replication. The double helix unwinds, and each strand acts as a template for the construction of the new DNA molecule.
50 seconds
Using information from molecular research, this 3-D animation shows how DNA is replicated at the molecular level. It involves an enzyme that unwinds the DNA, and other enzymes that copy the two resulting strands.
1 minute 6 seconds
Both strands of the DNA double helix act as templates for the new DNA strands. Incoming DNA is unraveled by the enzyme helicase, resulting in the 3′ strand and the 5′ strand. The 3′ strands and the 5′ strands are replicated by a DNA polymerase enzyme but in different ways.
2 minutes 32 seconds
The first phase of the process of reading DNA information to make proteins starts with a molecule unzipping the DNA. The molecule then copies one of the strands of DNA into a strand of RNA, a close cousin of DNA. This process is called transcription.
1 minute 54 seconds
The process of copying DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) is called transcription. Transcription factors assemble at the promoter region of a gene, bringing an RNA polymerase enzyme to form the transcription initiation complex. Activator proteins at the enhancer region of DNA then activate the transcription initiation complex. RNA polymerase unzips a small portion of the DNA and copies one strand into an mRNA molecule.
1 minute 55 seconds
The ribosome is a molecular factory that translates the genetic information in RNA into a string of amino acids that becomes a protein. Inside the ribosome, the genetic code of the RNA is read three letters at a time and compared with the corresponding code on a transfer molecule. When a match occurs between the codes, the amino acid carried by the transfer molecule is added to the growing protein chain.
2 minutes 5 seconds
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries DNA’s genetic information to the ribosome, where it is translated into a sequence of amino acids. mRNA is fed into the ribosome, and it is positioned so that it can be read in groups of three letters, known as codons. Each mRNA codon is matched against the transfer RNA molecule’s anti-codon. If there is a match, the amino acid carried by the transfer RNA is added to the growing protein chain.
3 minutes 4 seconds
DNA is tightly packed in the nucleus of every cell. DNA wraps around special proteins called histones, which form loops of DNA called nucleosomes. These nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibers called chromatin. Chromatin in turn forms larger loops and coils to form chromosomes.
1 minute 43 seconds
Adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) are the components of nucleic acid that make up DNA.
26 seconds
In 1950, Erwin Chargaff published a paper stating that in the DNA of any given species, the ratio of adenine to thymine is equal, as is the ratio of cytosine to guanine. This became known as Chargaff’s ratio, and it was an important clue for solving the structure of DNA.
48 seconds
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is caused by a mutation that leads to an abnormal protein that is always active. The drug Gleevec has a shape that fits into the active site of the abnormal protein and stops its harmful effects.
41 seconds
Of the 3 billion letters in the human genome, only 1% directly code for proteins. Of the rest, about 25% make up genes and their regulatory elements. The functions of the remaining letters are still unclear.
1 minute 4 seconds
Reactive molecules, such as free radicals, and solar ultraviolet radiation can lead to mutations in DNA. Most mutations are corrected, but in rare cases mutations can accumulate and cause diseases such as cancer.
1 minute 6 seconds
A new gene can be inserted into a loop of bacterial DNA called a plasmid. This is done by cutting the plasmid DNA with a restriction enzyme, which allows a new piece of DNA to be inserted. The ends of the new piece of DNA are stitched together by an enzyme called DNA ligase. The genetically engineered bacteria will now manufacture any protein coded by genes on the newly inserted DNA
1 minute 12 seconds
The human genome is organized into structures called chromosomes, consisting of 22 matching pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes.
47 seconds
The public Human Genome Project started by identifying unique marker sequences distributed throughout the genome. Then, many copies of a small section of DNA were randomly cleaved into smaller fragments, and each small fragment was sequenced. Because there were originally many copies of the DNA in question, many fragments represented the same part of the genome. These were aligned by identifying overlapping regions of the sequence, and then they were assembled into the original DNA.
1 minute 48 seconds
Once a gene has been transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), it is edited in a process called splicing. Noncoding regions called introns are removed, leaving protein-coding regions called exons
39 seconds
DNA has a double helix structure. If untwisted, DNA looks like two parallel strands. Each strand has a linear sequence of A, C, G, and T. The precise order of the letters carries the coded instructions. One strand is a complementary image of the other: A always pairs with T, and C always pairs with G.
1 minute 18 seconds
One of the failed hypothetical models of DNA is Linus Pauling’s triple helix model. This structure would be unstable under normal cellular conditions.
29 seconds
Polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, is a technique for making many copies of a specific DNA sequence. DNA is repeatedly heated and cooled in the presence of primers that bracket the desired sequence and of the enzyme Tac polymerase. In as few as 30 cycles, a billion copies of the target sequence can be made.
1 minute 27 seconds
Fred Sanger developed the first technique for sequencing DNA. DNA is replicated in the presence of chemically altered versions of the A, C, G, and T bases. These bases stop the replication process when they are incorporated into the growing strand of DNA, resulting in varying lengths of short DNA. These short DNA strands are ordered by size, and by reading the end letters from the shortest to the longest piece, the whole sequence of the original DNA is revealed.
51 seconds
In shotgun sequencing many copies of the entire genome are “blown up” into millions of small fragments. Each small fragment is sequenced. Powerful computers then assemble the individual fragments into the original configuration. Repeat sequences pose a problem for this approach because their sizes can be much larger than the small fragments.
59 seconds
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease that affects hemoglobin. A single nucleotide change in the hemoglobin gene causes an amino acid substitution in the hemoglobin protein from glutamic acid to valine. The resulting proteins stick together to form long fibers and distort the shape of the red blood cells.
59 seconds
Once the structure of DNA was discovered, the next challenge was determining how the sequence of letters coded for the 20 amino acids. In theory, one or two letters can only code for 4 or 16 amino acids, respectively. A scheme using three letters, a triplet code, is the minimum necessary to encode for all the amino acids.
1 minute 8 seconds
During the process of trying to elucidate the structure of DNA, Jim Watson made some cardboard models to try to understand how DNA nucleotides are paired. It helped him visualize how hydrogen atoms of paired nucleotides interact with each other to form a symmetrical structure that fits the double helix model
1 minute 42 seconds
This goes along with your textbook:
Chapters 9-11 Note-Taking sheet (Not just Ch 9-all in one document)
Fill in the Chapter 9-11 note-taking handout while viewing the following 3 PowerPoint Lectures
- Video Clips will not play on the following versions, but you can view them by signing onto your Holt textbook online and view the video clips. There are direct instructions, password and ID on Mrs. Lambert's S9GS site.
Chapter 9Chapter 10
Chapter 11